Utilizing deep learning to rate attributes of digital images

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are disclosed for estimating aesthetic quality of digital images using deep learning. In particular, the disclosed systems and methods describe training a neural network to generate an aesthetic quality score digital images. In particular, the neural network includes a training structure that compares relative rankings of pairs of training images to accurately predict a relative ranking of a digital image. Additionally, in training the neural network, an image rating system can utilize content-aware and user-aware sampling techniques to identify pairs of training images that have similar content and/or that have been rated by the same or different users. Using content-aware and user-aware sampling techniques, the neural network can be trained to accurately predict aesthetic quality ratings that reflect subjective opinions of most users as well as provide aesthetic scores for digital images that represent the wide spectrum of aesthetic preferences of various users.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/981,166, filed May 16, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/097,113, filed Apr. 12, 2016, which issued asU.S. Pat. No. 10,002,415. The aforementioned applications are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to rating aesthetics in digitalimages. More specifically, one or more embodiments of the presentdisclosure relate to systems and methods that techniques to efficientlytrain a neural network to accurately predict aesthetics ratings fordigital images.

2. Background and Relevant Art

Recent years have seen a rapid proliferation in the use of digitalimages. Indeed, with the advancement of digital cameras, smartphones,and general capabilities of electronic devices, many individuals andbusinesses utilize computing devices to manage storage and access ofdigital images. For example, many computing devices enable users toeasily retrieve and utilize digital images from large collections ofdigital images stored on a computing device.

Because of the sheer number of photos that are often stored on computingdevices, many users experience frustration in efficiently distinguishingbetween high quality and low quality images from a large collection ofdigital images. As such, many conventional devices assist users inretrieving and utilizing images by classifying digital images withinvarious collections of digital images based on user ratings and/or otheraesthetic metrics assigned to various digital images. For example,computing devices can classify digital images as high quality images orlow quality images and categorize the digital images accordingly.Nevertheless, conventional systems for classifying and/or categorizingdigital images have numerous problems and shortcomings.

For example, many conventional systems fail to effectively rate digitalimages whose quality or aesthetic appeal falls somewhere between veryhigh and very low ratings (e.g., high and low quality photos). Inparticular, many conventional systems utilize a binary classificationsystem to rate digital images. For example, digital images are typicallygrouped into high and low quality categories. While conventional systemseffectively rate high and low quality digital images, these systemsoften fail to provide accurate or reliable classifications for thoseimages that fall somewhere between high and low quality.

Additionally, in rating aesthetic quality of digital images,conventional systems often fail to provide meaningful information otherthan a binary classification (e.g., high or low overall quality). Forexample, even where conventional systems provide a technically accuraterating (e.g., high or low quality) for a particular digital image,conventional systems fail to provide any reason, comprehensiveexplanation, or additional information associated with the particularrating (e.g., on how or why certain digital images are ratedaccordingly).

Further, many conventional systems fail to accurately predict metricsthat involve aesthetic appeal or other subjective opinions. For example,because users often have different opinions about image quality andother metrics, conventional machine learning systems experiencedifficulty accounting for inconsistencies in labeled data indicatingaesthetic quality. As a result, conventional systems for rating orotherwise classifying images often produce inconsistent or inaccurateresults that fail to reflect the subjective taste of some users.

These and other problems exist with regard to rating aesthetic qualityfor digital images.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Introduced herein are techniques and technologies for rating aestheticsof digital images using deep learning techniques. In particular, systemsand methods described herein include a neural network having a trainingstructure that utilizes pairs of training images to train the neuralnetwork to accurately predict an aesthetic quality of digital images.For example, a training structure of the neural network considersdifferences in user ratings assigned to pairs of training images. Byusing pairs of training images to train the neural network, the neuralnetwork is able to reduce or eliminate the effects of inconsistentratings in the training images and otherwise help ensure accurate andconsistent aesthetic rankings.

The systems and methods employ content-aware and user-aware samplingtechniques to identify image pairs that have similar content and/orimage pairs that have been rated by the same user or different users. Byselecting pairs of training images that have been rated by common usersand/or selecting pairs of training images having similar content whiletraining the neural network, systems and methods described herein reduceor eliminate subjective differences between user ratings as a result ofdifferent raters, types of images, etc. By selecting pairs of trainingimages that have been rated by different users, systems and methodsdescribed herein

Additional features and advantages of exemplary embodiments of thepresent disclosure will be set forth in the description which follows,and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned bythe practice of such exemplary embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of a process of generating an aestheticquality score for a digital image in accordance with one or moreembodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of a process of training a regressionconvolutional neural network (or simply “regression CNN”) including aregression loss model and a pairwise ranking model in accordance withone or more embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram of a process of training a regression CNNincluding a regression loss model and an attribute specific model inaccordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 4A-4C illustrate a plurality of tables comparing accuracy ofdifferent neural networks in accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example collection of digital images andassociated aesthetic quality scores in accordance with one or moreembodiments;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example collection of digital images andassociated aesthetic quality scores for individual characteristics inaccordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example image rating systemin accordance with one or more embodiments;

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a series of acts in a method forgenerating an aesthetic quality score for a digital image in accordancewith one or more embodiments;

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a series of acts in another method forgenerating an aesthetic quality scores for individual characteristics ofa digital image in accordance with one or more embodiments; and

FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of a computing device in accordancewith one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure include an imagerating system comprising a neural network that generates an aestheticquality score that accurately reflects the aesthetic quality of adigital image. In particular, one or more embodiments described hereinincludes a deep convolutional neural network that considers differencesin user ratings assigned to pairs of training images. By using pairs oftraining images to train the neural network, the neural network is ableto reduce or eliminate the effects of inconsistent ratings in thetraining images. As such, one or more embodiments described hereininclude a trained neural network that produces an aesthetic qualityscore that more accurately reflects relative differences in qualitybetween digital images beyond conventional binary rating systems thatonly produce accurate results for digital images that are clearly highquality or low quality. Additionally, utilizing image pairs andcomparing relative differences in training enables the convolutionalneural network to produce an aesthetic quality score less skewed bydifferences between the subjective tastes of users that rated thetraining images.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the image rating system selectsimage pairs based on the identities of the users that rated therespective training images. For instance, the image rating system canutilize a user-aware selection technique to identify training imagesthat have been rated by the same user. Selecting images rated by thesame user ensures greater consistency between user ratings for differentimages. For example, where a user gives a first image a 5-star ratingand a second image a 3-star rating, the image rating system confidentlylearns that the difference between the user ratings reflects ameasurable difference in the subjective taste of the user for thedifferent images. As such, the image rating system utilizes the relativedifference between the user's ratings with greater confidence whentraining the convolutional neural network.

In addition to comparing relative differences between user ratings fromthe same user, the image training system accounts for differences inuser ratings between different users. Utilizing ratings from differentusers enable the image training system to minimize inaccuracies byaccounting for subjective differences in taste between different usersas well as rating habits of different users. For example, where a userroutinely rates images as high quality and very few images as lowquality, the image training system compares the scores of that user toother users that have more variety in rating the training images toaccount for different tastes or rating habits of various users. As such,the image rating system minimizes subjective differences caused as aresult of subjective tastes or rating habits of different users.

In addition to utilizing user-awareness in selecting image pairs, in oneor more embodiments, the image rating system utilizes content-awarenessto account for differences in user ratings given to training imageshaving different types of content. For example, the image rating systemmay discover that user ratings for the training images are generallyhigher for landscape photos when compared to portrait photos. As such,the image training system identifies image pairs having similar types ofcontent when training the neural network. Thus, the image rating systemminimizes inconsistencies in user ratings caused as a result of usersrating various types of training images differently.

By utilizing images pairs based on user-aware and content-awareselection techniques, the image rating system efficiently and accuratelytrains a convolutional neural network. In particular, by utilizingcontent-aware and user-aware selection techniques, the image trainingsystem accounts for subjective differences in taste between differentusers as well as accounts for inconsistencies between ratings fordifferent types of training images. In this way, the image rating systemmore accurately trains the neural network to generate aesthetic scoresfor digital images.

Additionally, by utilizing content-aware and user-aware samplingtechniques, the image rating system can train the convolutional neuralnetwork using fewer training images than conventional systems. Forexample, by accounting for user-specific preferences and differences inuser ratings for different pairs of training images, the image ratingsystem can assume greater confidence in user ratings of training images.Thus, utilizing content-aware and user-aware sampling techniques enablesthe image rating system train the neural network using fewer trainingimages and associated user rating data.

In addition to providing more accurate user ratings for digital images,training the neural network by comparing user ratings for pairs oftraining images further enables the neural network to generate aestheticquality scores that reflect a wide spectrum of user ratings for variousdigital images. In particular, by comparing relative difference betweenuser ratings for pairs of training images, the image rating systemtrains the neural network to provide user ratings that accuratelyreflect a wide spectrum of user ratings that better reflect the spectrumof subjective taste of users for digital images. As such, training theneural network by comparing user ratings for image pairs improves uponthe accuracy of binary rating systems for most digital images that fallbetween very high and very low quality. As mentioned, the image ratingsystem trains the neural network using pairs of training images from adatabase of training images. In particular, the image rating systemtrains a neural network based on a dataset of training data thatincludes user ratings, scores, and other information associated withrespective image pairs. In one or more embodiments, the dataset includesone or more user ratings assigned to respective training images. Forexample, the training dataset includes user aesthetic ratings that havebeen assigned by individual users. In particular, the training datasetcan include user-assigned scores or ratings that reflect the subjectivetastes of users that have rated the training images.

As described above, the image rating system uses the dataset of trainingdata associated with pairs of training images to train a neural networkto generate an aesthetic quality score for one or more digital images.For example, in one or more embodiments, the image training systemtrains the neural network to output an aesthetic quality score on ascale (such as from 1 to 5 or 1 to 10) for a digital image that reflectsan overall aesthetic quality of the digital image for most users whileminimizing inaccuracies caused as a result of differences in ratingmethods used by the raters of the training images.

As will be described in greater detail below, in training the neuralnetwork, the image rating system can train one or more layers of thestructure of the neural network. For example, in one or moreembodiments, the neural network includes a loss layer that utilizes aregression loss model. In one or more embodiments, the regression lossmodel is a fine-tuned regression function (e.g., Euclidean lossfunction). The regression loss model allows the neural network to outputan aesthetic quality score on a scale (such as from 1 to 5 or 1 to 10).

As mentioned above, the image rating system further improves theaccuracy of the aesthetic quality score by comparing relative rankingsof training images pairs as well as normalizing a relative aestheticscore to more accurately rate the aesthetic quality of a digital image.To accomplish this, the image rating system utilizes a pairwise lossmodel that cooperates with the regression loss model to predict theaesthetic quality score for an input image. In particular, as will bedescribed in further detail below, the neural network includes apairwise loss model trained by comparing relative rankings of imagepairs selected from the database of training images. For example, theimage rating system selects pairs of training images, as describedabove. The image rating system compares the difference in the relativerankings between the image pairs. The image rating system then utilizesthe relative difference to train the pairwise loss model. For example,the image rating system can maintain a relative difference in ratingsbetween different users to reflect that one known rater consistency givehigher ratings than another known user.

Similarly, in one or more embodiments, the image rating system utilizesuser-aware features to further fine-tune the training of the neuralnetwork by training the neural network using image pairs that have beenrated by the same user. In particular, because different user ratingsfrom the same user are more likely to reflect a difference in qualitybetween different training images, training the neural network usingpairs of training images rated by the same user improve upon theaccuracy of the trained neural network. Additionally, or alternatively,the image rating system can train the neural network using image pairsrated by different users. In particular, where a user consistently ratesimages higher than another user, comparing the differences in userratings between image pairs from different users enables the imagerating system to avoid inaccuracies caused by different users thatconsistently rate images differently. As such, utilizing user-awarenessin selecting image pairs enables the image rating system to moreefficiently train the neural network generate accurate aesthetic qualityscores.

Additionally, the image rating system utilizes content-aware features tofurther fine-tune the training of the neural network to accuratelypredict aesthetic quality scores for digital images that includedifferent types of content. In particular, because user ratings forimages having similar content generally have more consistent userratings than images having different types of content, the image ratingsystem can identify image pairs having similar content. For example, theimage rating system selects pairs of images of similar types (e.g.,portrait images, landscape images) or that have been identified asincluding similar content and train the neural network to consider thetype of content of a digital image when determining an aesthetic qualityscore. As such, the image rating system efficiently trains the neuralnetwork and enables the neural network to more accurately predictaesthetic quality scores.

In addition to the regression loss model and the pairwise loss modelreferred to above, one or more embodiments of the neural networkincludes attribute specific loss models that are utilized to furtherfine-tune a prediction of attribute quality scores. For example, in oneor more embodiments, the image rating system compares user ratings ofdigital images having specific attributes identified by the users ratingthe digital images. In particular, where users who rated the trainingimages have identified specific attributes of the training images, theimage training system can further select image pairs having one or acombination of different attributes to further improve upon the processof training the neural network to generate aesthetic quality scores.Additionally, as described in further detail below, consideringidentified attributes of the training images can further enable theneural network to provide an aesthetic quality score that includesdetails about specific attributes detected within digital images. Forexample, in addition to generating an overall quality score, the neuralnetwork can further provide an aesthetic quality score that includes anidentification of one or more attributes detected within a digitalimage.

By training a loss layer that includes various loss models, the imagerating system provides a more accurate and comprehensive aestheticquality score for digital images than conventional binary classificationmodels. For example, as mentioned above, where binary classificationmodels often fail to accurately classify digital images of a particularquality that falls, e.g., somewhere between very good or very bad, theimage rating system trains the neural network to provide an accuratequality rating for the majority of digital images having various rangesof image quality. In particular, the neural network generates aestheticquality scores that more accurately reflect the wide spectrum of qualitybetween “good” and “bad.”

In addition to providing a wider spectrum of overall aesthetic qualityscores, the neural network further provides a more comprehensive ratingor score than conventional systems. For example, by training attributespecific loss layers, the image rating system generates attributequality scores. In particular, the trained neural network identifiesspecific attributes present in a digital image. In addition to generallyidentifying attributes that are present in a digital image, one or moreembodiments of the image rating system can train the neural network togenerate an attribute quality score for individual attributes.

Turning now to FIG. 1, additional detail will be provided with regard toutilizing a neural network to generate an aesthetic quality score forone or more digital images. As used herein, the term “neural network”refers to a machine learning model that can be tuned (e.g., trained)based on inputs to approximate unknown functions. In particular, theterm neural network can include a model of interconnected neurons thatcommunicate and learn to approximate complex functions and generateoutputs based on a plurality of inputs provided to the model. Forinstance, the term neural network includes one or more machine learningalgorithms. In particular, the term neural network can include deepconvolutional neural networks (i.e., “CNNs”) and fully convolutionalneural networks (i.e., “FCNs”). In other words, a neural network is analgorithm (or set of algorithms) that implements deep learningtechniques that utilize a set of algorithms to model high-levelabstractions in data. As used herein, a regression neural network refersto a neural network having a regression loss model in the loss layer.The following description and figures refer to a regression CNN. Onewill appreciate that in alternative embodiments other types of neuralnetworks may be utilized.

Referring now to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates an image rating system100 that includes a regression CNN 102 that has been trained to receivean input image 104 and generate an output 106 (e.g., an aestheticquality score). In particular, the regression CNN 102 receives an inputimage 104 and analyzes the input image 104 through a series of appliedlayers of the regression CNN 102 including, for example, a plurality ofconvolutional layers 108, fully-connected layers 110, and a loss layer112 to produce an output 106 that includes an aesthetic quality scorefor the input image 104.

An architecture of the regression CNN 102 can include a stack ofdistinct layers that process portions of an input image. Each of thelayers can combine to emulate the behavior of a visual cortex. Inparticular, the combination of layers can exploit strong spatially localcorrelation present in images to train the regression CNN 102 togenerate an aesthetic quality score for a digital image. As shown inFIG. 1, the regression CNN 102 includes a plurality of convolutionallayers 108, fully-connected layers 110, and a loss layer 112.Additionally, in one or more embodiments, the regression CNN 102includes one or more pooling layers, Re-LU layers, and/orde-convolutional layers utilized in conjunction with the convolutionallayers 108, fully-connected layers 110, and loss layer 112. In one ormore embodiments, the convolutional layers 108, fully-connected layers110, and additional layers that precede the loss layer 112 includesimilar features and functionality as one or more neural networksdescribed in “ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional NeuralNetworks” by A. Kirzhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G. E. Hinton in Advancesin Neural Information Processing Systems 25, 2012 at pages 1097-1105,which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

For example, the convolutional layers 108 can include learnable filtersthat are trained to analyze features or characteristics of a digitalimage and identify specific characteristics of a digital image.Additionally, the fully-connected layers 110 can be fully connected toother layers of the regression CNN 102 and include features andfunctionality for performing high level reasoning in the regression CNN102. Moreover, as described in further detail below, the loss layer 112includes one or more models to penalize deviation between predictedlabels (e.g., predicted aesthetic rating) and true labels or groundtruths (e.g., user provided ratings of training images) associated withtraining images utilized to train the regression CNN 102.

As mentioned above, the image rating system 100 trains the regressionCNN 102 to generate an aesthetic quality score for the input image 104utilizing a database of training images and associated training data. Inparticular, the image rating system 100 can fine-tune one or more layersof the regression CNN 102 to analyze images and identify features thatcorrespond to features of a database of training images. For example, inone or more embodiments, the loss layer 112 includes a Euclidean lossfunction that the image rating system 100 fine-tunes to generate anoutput based on training data associated with the training image. In oneor more embodiments, the image rating system 100 utilizes the followingthe Euclidean loss function:

${loss}_{reg} = {{\frac{1}{2N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}{{{\overset{\_}{y}}_{i} - y_{i}}}_{2}^{2}}} = {\frac{1}{2N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}{{{{CNN}\left( X_{i} \right)} - y_{i}}}_{2}^{2}}}}$

where N represents the number of training images for the dataset, X_(i)is the i-th training image, y_(i) is an associated user rating (oraverage of user ratings) for the i-th training image, and y_(i)=CNN(X_(i)) is the rated score by the regression CNN 102 for training imageX_(i).

It is appreciated that CNN(X_(i))−y_(i) represents a difference betweena generated score of the regression CNN 102 for a training image and auser provided rating or score (e.g., average score of multiple userprovided ratings) from the dataset of training data corresponding to thetraining image. In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100fine-tunes the regression loss function (e.g., Euclidean loss function)by running one or more iterations of the Euclidean loss function foreach of the training images of the database of training images. Thus,with each iteration, the regression loss model generates an output thatmore accurately reflects an aesthetic quality score for a correspondingtraining image, thus training the regression loss model to moreaccurately predict an aesthetic quality score for the input image 104.

In addition to training the loss layer 112, the image rating system 100jointly trains each of the layers of the regression CNN 102 to generatean aesthetic quality score for the input image 104 that accuratelypredicts an aesthetic appeal for the input image 104 to one or moreusers generally. Further, as will be explained in greater detail below,the image rating system 100 can train the regression CNN 102 to generatean aesthetic quality score including an overall quality score as well asmore comprehensive information associated with the aesthetic qualityand/or attributes of the input image 104.

As shown in FIG. 2, the image rating system 100 trains a regression CNN202 including a loss layer 208 that includes regression loss models 210a-b and a pairwise loss model 212 within the loss layer 208 of theregression CNN 202. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 2, the regression CNN202 includes low level layers 206 a-b that each include similar featuresand functionality as the convolutional layers 108, fully-functionallayers 110, and one or more additional layers preceding the loss layer112 described above in connection with FIG. 1. The image rating systemcan train the low level layers 206 a-b to analyze low-levelcharacteristics of the training images. Moreover, as shown in FIG. 2,the regression CNN 202 includes multiple branches for training pairs oftraining images 204 a-b from the database of training images.

For example, the image rating system 100 selects pairs of trainingimages 204 a-b from the database of training images to train theregression CNN 202 to accurately predict an aesthetic quality score fora digital image. Additionally, as used herein, the “dataset of trainingdata” refers to information associated with training images from adatabase of training images. For example, the dataset of training dataincludes user ratings associated with the respective training images. Inone or more embodiments, the dataset of training data additionallyincludes attribute information associated with each of the respectiveimages. For example, the dataset of training data includes an identifierof a respective attribute present in a training image. Additionally, thedataset of training data includes a user rating of aesthetic quality forone or more individual attributes present in a training image. Further,in one or more embodiments, the dataset of training data includesassociated user data (e.g., an identity of a user associated with a userrating) or an identification of content (or content type) for aparticular training image (e.g., landscape image, portrait image).

Various methods and criteria for selecting the image pairs 204 a-b willbe described in further detail below. Once selected, the image ratingsystem 100 trains the regression CNN 202 by running each of the imagepairs 204 a-b through respective branches of the regression CNN 202. Theimage rating system 100 can run any number of iterations for individualimage pairs 204 a-b or any number of selected image pairs from thetraining database.

For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the image rating system 100 runs afirst plurality of training images 204 a through a first branch of theregression CNN 202 including a first plurality of low level layers 206 ahaving one or more convolutional layers, fully-connected layers, and anyadditional layers of the regression CNN 202 preceding the loss layeralong the first branch. The first branch further includes a firstregression loss model 210 a and a pairwise loss model 212. Similarly, asshown in FIG. 2, the image rating system 100 runs a second plurality oftraining images 204 b (e.g., paired to the first plurality of trainingimages 204 a) through a second branch of the regression CNN 202including a second plurality of low level layers 206 b similar to thefirst plurality of low level layers 206 a of the first branch. Thesecond branch further includes a second regression loss model 210 b andthe pairwise loss model 212 shared with the first branch.

The image rating system 100 jointly trains the different branches of theregression CNN 202 including the low level layers 206 a-b and the losslayer 208. For example, the image rating system 100 trains the low levellayers 206 a-b of the regression CNN 202 to jointly learn low levelparameters of the training images. In particular, the low level layers206 a-b are trained to learn low level image characteristics of thetraining images. By jointly training the low level layers 206 a-b of theregression CNN 202, the loss models 210 a-b can share resources of thelow level layers 206 a-b while training the loss models 210 a-b. Assuch, each branch of components within the loss model 210 a-b need notutilize different paths of low level layers 210 a-b. Thus, while FIG. 2shows a low level layers 206 a-b for each of the pairs of trainingimages 204 a-b, it is appreciated that each of the pairs of trainingimages 204 a-b can run through a single path of low level layers whentraining different loss models of the loss layer 208.

Additionally, the image rating system 100 trains each of the regressionloss models 210 a-b by fine-tuning respective regression loss functionsbased on training data from respective training images 204 a-b. Forexample, the image rating system 100 fine-tunes a regression lossfunction of the first regression loss model 210 a using training dataassociated with the first plurality of paired training image 204 a. Theimage rating system 100 also fine-tunes a similar regression lossfunction of the second regression loss model 210 b using training datafrom the second plurality of paired training images 204 b. Morespecifically, the image rating system 100 runs multiple iterations ofthe paired images 204 a-b for each of the regression loss functions 210a-b based on training data for respective image pairs 204 a-b.

In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 trains theregression loss models 210 a-b by fine-tuning a similar regression lossfunction as described above in connection with the loss layer 112 ofFIG. 1. For example, each of the regression loss models 210 a-b caninclude a Euclidean loss function as described above in connection withthe loss layer 112 of FIG. 1. Similar to one or more embodimentsdescribed above, the image rating system 100 trains each of theregression loss models 210 a-b by fine-tuning the Euclidean lossfunction based on training data from the database of training images. Inone or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 trains each of theregression loss models 210 a-b using the same set of training images.For example, each of the regression loss models 210 a-b can be trainedusing a set of training images selected from the database of trainingimages. Alternatively, in one or more embodiments, the image ratingsystem 100 trains each of the regression loss models 210 a-b using adifferent set of training images. For example, the image rating system100 trains the first regression loss model 210 a using training datafrom the first set of the paired training images 204 a. Further, theimage rating system 100 can train the second regression loss model 210 busing training data from the second set of the paired training images204 b.

In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 trains therespective regression loss models 210 a-b independent from one another.For example, the image rating system 100 trains the first regressionloss model 210 a using first training images from selected image pairswithout considering the second training images from the same selectedimage pairs. Additionally, the image rating system 100 trains the secondregression loss model 210 b using second training images from selectedimage pairs without considering the first training images from the sameselected image pairs. Alternatively, in one or more embodiments, theimage rating system 100 trains each of the regression loss models 210a-b using a common dataset of training data. For example, the imagerating system 100 can individually fine-tune each of the regression lossmodels 210 a-b based on the same or overlapping collection of trainingimages.

Additionally, as shown in FIG. 2, the regression CNN 202 furtherincludes a pairwise loss model 212 that exploits relative rankings ofthe pair of training images 204 a-b (and other selected pairs oftraining images). In particular, the image rating system 100 can trainthe regression CNN 202 to output aesthetic quality scores for identifiedpairs of training images 204 a-b that maintain a relative differencebetween user provided ratings for the identified pairs of trainingimages. As shown in FIG. 2, the image rating system 100 can train thepairwise loss model 212 to generate an output (e.g., an estimated score)based on a combination of training results from the regression lossmodels 210 a-b and the pairwise loss model 212.

In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 trains thepairwise loss model 212 based on multiple inputs including outputs fromeach of the regression loss models 210 a-b and corresponding userprovided rankings from the dataset of training data. For example, theimage rating system 100 trains the pairwise loss model 212 based onrelative user rankings from the training data for respective image pairs204 a-b and corresponding estimated scores for the image pairs 204 a-bas predicted by the regression loss models 210 a-b. In one or moreembodiments, the pairwise loss model 212 exploits relative rankings fromboth the dataset of training data as well as estimated rankings from theregression loss models 210 a-b.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100trains the pairwise loss model 212 by fine-tuning a pairwise lossfunction to maintain a relative difference between the user providedratings of the identified image pairs. In particular, the image ratingsystem 100 runs any number of iterations through the regression CNN 202to train a pairwise loss function to output an estimated aestheticquality score for a digital image. In one or more embodiments, the imagerating system 100 utilizes the following pairwise loss function:

${loss}_{rank} = {\frac{1}{2N}{\sum\limits_{i,j}\; {\max \left( {0,{\alpha - {{\delta \left( {y_{i} - y_{j}} \right)}\left( {{\overset{\_}{y}}_{i} - {\overset{\_}{y}}_{j}} \right)}}} \right)}}}$${{where}\mspace{14mu} {\delta \left( {y_{i} - y_{j}} \right)}} = \begin{Bmatrix}{1,} & {{{if}\mspace{14mu} y_{i}} > y_{j}} \\{{- 1},} & {{{if}\mspace{14mu} y_{i}} < y_{j}}\end{Bmatrix}$

and where N represents the number of image pairs for the dataset, ∝ is apredetermined margin between pairs of rankings, y_(i) is a user-ratedscore for a first image pair and y_(j) is a user-rated score for asecond corresponding image pair to y_(i). Additionally, each of y _(i)and y _(j) refer to outputs (e.g., estimated user-ratings) fromcorresponding regression models 210 a-b for images from the selectedimage pairs corresponding to y_(i) and y_(j). In one or moreembodiments, the regression loss models 210 a-b each utilize a similarEuclidean loss function as described above.

Upon training the pairwise loss model 212, the image rating system 100utilizes the outputs of the regression loss models 210 a-b and thepairwise loss model 212 to generate a combined loss function thatestimates an aesthetic quality score for a digital image. In particular,the image rating system 100 utilizes the results of training each of theregression loss models 210 a-b and pairwise loss model 212 to fine-tunea combined loss function written as,

loss_(reg+rank)=ω_(reg)loss_(reg)+ω_(rank)loss_(rank)

where ω_(reg) and ω_(rank) control the relative importance of each ofthe respective loss functions. In particular, ω_(reg) represents arelative weight of the regression loss function (e.g., Euclidean lossfunction) and ω_(rank) represents a relative weight of the pairwise lossfunction. In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100additionally fine-tunes each of the relative weights for each of theloss functions to more accurately estimate an aesthetic quality scorefor one or more digital images. For example, where the regression CNN istrained to output an aesthetic quality score ranking from 0 to 1, in oneor more embodiments, the image rating system 100 sets an initiallearning rate at a small number (e.g., 0.0001) for all layers of theregression CNN 202, and periodically annealed by 0.1. The image ratingsystem 100 can further use a weight decay of 1e-5 and having a momentumof 0.9.

Thus, the image rating system 100 can train the regression CNN 202 togenerate an aesthetic quality score using one or more regression lossmodels 210 a-b and a pairwise loss model 212 that generates a widespectrum of scores. In particular, the combination of the pairwise lossmodel and the regression loss model compares relative rankings betweenpairs of training images as well as normalizes the difference betweenrelative rankings to accurately estimate an aesthetic quality score thataccurately reflects those user-ratings for the respective image pairs204 a-b.

As mentioned above, the image rating system 100 utilizes various methodsand criteria for selecting image pairs 204 a-b to train the regressionloss models 210 a-b and the pairwise loss model 212. In particular, theimage rating system 100 can intelligently select image pairs 204 a-bfrom the database of training images that fit certain criteria toimprove the training process of the regression CNN 202. Alternatively,the image rating system 100 trains the regression CNN 202 to identifyimage pairs 204 a-b that meet particular criteria to use in trainingspecific branches of the regression CNN 202. As such, the image ratingsystem 100 can train the regression CNN 202 to generate more accurateaesthetic quality scores and further train the regression CNN 202 usingfewer training images.

For example, in one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 orregression CNN 202 identifies pairs of images 204 a-b from a group ofsimilar image-types (e.g., having similar types of content). Inparticular, the regression CNN 202 can receive image pairs 204 a-b froma group of images that have been classified or otherwise identified assimilar types of images (e.g., portrait images, landscape images). Inone or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 clusters thetraining images by image-type and selects the image pairs 204 a-b fromthe clustered groups of training images 204 a-b of similar types. Assuch, the image rating system 100 can more efficiently train theregression CNN 202 using image pairs 204 a-b of similar content-types.

As another example, in one or more embodiments, the image rating system100 identifies image pairs 204 a-b that have been rated by the same userto use as pairs of training images 204 a-b. For example, the imagerating system 100 can generate or identify clusters of user ratings thatcorrespond to individual users and train regression CNN 202 using pairsof training images 204 a-b rated by the same user. As user ratings fromcommon users tend to be more consistent, the image rating system 100 canmore efficiently train the regression CNN 202 using image pairs 204 a-bhaving associated user-ratings from similar users.

As mentioned above, the image rating system 100 can cluster the trainingimages based on image type (e.g., content clusters), user identifiers,attributes, and other factors. In one or more embodiments, the trainingimages are clustered into a defined number of clusters using a k-meansclustering algorithm. For example, in one or more embodiments, thetraining images can be represented using a fully connected layer of theregression CNN 202 to normalize the feature vector to be unit Euclideanlength, and use an unsupervised k-means for clustering. In one or moreembodiments, the training images are clustered into k=10 content groups,and differences in user ratings between testing images and centroidsinto prediction weights using a soft-max are transformed.

In one or more embodiments, image pairs 204 a-b are selected that havebeen rated based on a threshold number of common users that haveprovided user ratings for the image pairs 204 a-b. For example, in oneor more embodiments, the image rating system 100 identifies image pairs204 a-b upon determining that more than half of the associateduser-ratings originate from a common set of users. Alternatively, in oneor more embodiments, the image rating system 100 identifies image pairs204 a-b upon determining that any of the associated user ratingsoriginate from a common user.

As another example, in one or more embodiments, the image rating system100 identifies image pairs 204 a-b for training the regression CNN 202based on a number of common attributes between the training images. Forexample, as described in greater detail below, training images 204 a-bmay be identified based on a determination that the training images eachhave a threshold number of common attributes. For instance, in one ormore embodiments, the image rating system 100 identifies image pairs 204a-b upon determining that the image pairs have at least three attributesin common.

Moreover, in one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100selects image pairs 204 a-b having a defined difference in user ratingsto use in training the regression CNN 202. For example, the image ratingsystem 100 identifies image pairs having an average user rating thatdiffer by a specific score or rating (e.g., percentage). In particular,by biasing the sampling of training images towards pairs of images withrelatively large differences, a difference in average rating is likelyto be stable between the image pairs. As such, the image rating system100 can more effectively train the loss layer 208 including the pairwiseloss model 212 to distinguish and exploit relative rankings of imagepairs 204 a-b.

In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 selects imagepairs 204 a-b having a defined difference based on a predeterminedcharacteristic relationship of the training images. In particular, theimage rating system 100 can select image pairs 204 a-b based on similaror different characteristics between the training images. For example,the image rating system 100 selects image pairs having a first defineddifference for image pairs 204 a-b that have been rated by one or moreof the same user. Alternatively, the image rating system 100 selectsimage pairs 204 a-b having a second defined difference for image pairsthat have not been rated by one or more of the same user. Because userratings from the same user tend to be more consistent with each other,in one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 selects imagepairs 204 a-b having a smaller defined difference when identifying imagepairs 204 a-b from a group of training images that have been rated byone or more of the same user than when identifying image pairs 204 a-bfrom a group of training images that have not been rated by one or moreof the same user.

Moreover, similar to selecting images having a defined difference inuser-rating based on whether one or more of the same user has rated theimage pairs 204 a-b, the image rating system 100 can similarly selectimage pairs 204 a-b having defined differences in ratings based on arelationships of other features or characteristics of the trainingimages. For example, the image rating system 100 identifies image pairs204 a-b having a defined difference in user-rating based on a number ofattributes in common between the training images. Additionally, theimage rating system 100 identifies image pairs 204 a-b having a defineddifference in user-rating based on whether the training images havesimilar content therein.

Thus, as described above, the image rating system 100 trains theregression CNN 202 through a pairwise model that takes a pair of imagesas input and trains the CNN 202 to predict relative rankings of imageaesthetics in addition to an overall aesthetic quality score.Additionally, as described above, the image rating system utilizesdifferent sampling strategies of image pairs to leverage additionalside-information to regularize the training. For example, identifyinggraphical attributes, image content, and identities of users that haverated particular training images, the regression CNN 202 provides a morefine-grained regression framework, providing more comparable andconsistent aesthetic scoring results. In particular, utilizingcontent-aware, user-aware, and other sampling techniques for selectingtraining images enables the image rating system 100 to train the CNN 202to minimize inaccuracies in aesthetic scores caused as a result ofinconsistent user ratings between different users as well asinconsistencies between training images as a result of content therein.

Turning now to FIG. 3, the image rating system 100 can also train aregression CNN 302 to generate an aesthetic quality score using one ormore of the same properties and functionality as described above inconnection with the regression CNNs 102, 202 of FIGS. 1-2. Additionally,as shown in FIG. 3, the image rating system 100 can train a regressionCNN 302 including low-level layers 306 and a loss layer 308. The lowlevel layers 306 can include similar properties as the low level layers206 a-b described above in connection with FIG. 2 and may include anynumber of convolutional layers, full feature layers, and additionallayers that precede the loss layer 308 within the regression CNN 302. Asshown in FIG. 3, the attribute loss models 314 a-c and regression lossmodel 310 share or otherwise utilize the jointly learned low levellayers 306 of the regression CNN 302. Thus, the individual attributemodels 314 a-c utilize jointly learned low level parameters of theregression CNN 302.

As shown in FIG. 3, the loss layer 308 includes a regression loss model310 and an attribute branch 312 including individual attribute lossmodels 314 a-c and a combined attribute loss model 316. The loss layer308 further includes a combined loss model 318 for combining outputsfrom the regression loss model 310 and attribute branch 312. As shown inFIG. 3, each of the individual attribute models 314 a-c and theregression loss model 310 share resources of the low level layers 306that precede the loss layer 308. For example, in training each of theindividual loss models 314 a-c and the regression loss model 310, theimage rating system 100 can run training data associated with aplurality of training images 304 through the same low level layers 306rather than running the training data through separate branches for eachof the individual attribute loss models 312 a-c and regression lossmodel 310 that include respective convolutional layers, fully-connectedlayers, and one or more additional layers of the regression CNN 302.

In one or more embodiments, the regression loss model 310 includessimilar properties as the regression loss models 210 a-b described abovein connection with FIG. 3. In particular, the image rating system 100trains the regression loss model 310 to generate an estimated aestheticquality score for a digital image. More specifically, in one or moreembodiments, the image rating system 100 trains the regression lossmodel 310 by fine-tuning a regression function (e.g., Euclidean lossfunction) to generate an overall aesthetic quality score for a digitalimage. For example, in one or more embodiments, an output of theregression loss model 310 includes an overall aesthetic quality scorethat reflects an overall predicted quality (e.g., overall quality score)for a digital image independent from one or more individual attributequality scores.

As used herein an “image attribute” or “attribute” refers to anidentifiable trait or aesthetic feature of a digital image. Inparticular, an image attribute can refer to a feature of the content ofa digital image related to an aesthetic value of a digital image. Forexample, as used herein, an image attribute can refer to features ofimage content including, but not limited to, (1) interesting content,(2) object emphasis, (3) good lighting, (4) color harmony, (5) vividcolor, (6) depth of an image field, (7) motion blur, (8) rule of thirds,(9) balancing element, (10) repetition, and (11) symmetry. In one ormore embodiments, the regression CNN can be trained to identify one ormore attributes and/or generate an attribute rating for one or acombination of image attributes.

As shown in FIG. 3, the attribute branch 312 of the loss model 308includes individual attribute loss models 314 a-c corresponding toidentifiable attributes within digital images. In one or moreembodiments, each of the individual attribute loss models 314 a-ccorresponds to a respective attribute. In one or more embodiments, theimage rating system 100 trains the individual attribute loss models 314a-c to generate individual attribute quality scores for any number ofattributes that are identified within a digital image. As an example, afirst individual attribute loss model 314 a is trained to identify orotherwise rate a first attribute (e.g., lighting). Additionally, thesecond and third individual attribute loss models 314 b-c are trained toidentify or otherwise rate a second attribute (e.g., motion blur) and athird attribute (e.g., rule of third), respectively. In one or moreembodiments, the image rating system 100 trains one or more of theindividual attribute loss models 314 a-c to identify whether or not aparticular attribute is present within a digital image. Alternatively,in one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 trains one ormore of the individual attribute loss models 314 a-c to generate anindividual attribute quality score falling within a range of values foreach of the individual attributes.

While FIG. 3 illustrates an attribute branch 312 including threeindividual attribute loss models 314 a-c, it is appreciated that theattribute branch 312 can include additional or fewer individualattribute loss models. For example, in one or more embodiments, theattribute branch 312 includes an attribute loss model for eachindividual attribute included within the training data. By way ofexample, one or more embodiments of the attribute branch 312 includesindividual attribute loss models corresponding to the followingattributes: (1) interesting content, (2) object emphasis, (3) goodlighting, (4) color harmony, (5) vivid color, (6) depth of an imagefield, (7) motion blur, (8) rule of thirds, (9) balancing element, (10)repetition, and (11) symmetry.

Similar to other loss models described herein, the image rating system100 can train each of the individual attribute loss models 314 a-c basedon a dataset of training data including attribute information obtainedfrom various users with regard to training images. For example, in oneor more embodiments, the dataset of training data includes instances oftraining data where users have identified one or more of the variousattributes present within each of the training images. In one or moreembodiments, the dataset of training images includes a simpleidentification indicating whether a specific attribute is present withina training image. Additionally or alternatively, in one or moreembodiments, the dataset of training images includes more detailedinformation including user attribute ratings associated with each of thetraining images.

Using the training data, the image rating system 100 can train theindividual attribute loss models 314 a-c to predict whether a specificattribute is present within a digital image or otherwise scoreattributes of the digital image. In one or more embodiments, the imagerating system 100 trains each of the individual attribute loss models314 a-c by fine-tuning an attribute loss function to estimate anattribute specific score or rating. For example, in one or moreembodiments, the image rating system 100 trains a Euclidean lossfunction for each of the individual attributes. To illustrate, the imagerating system 100 utilizes the following Euclidean loss function:

${loss}_{{att}_{m}} = {{\frac{1}{2N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\; {{{\overset{\_}{a}}_{i} - a_{i}}}_{2}^{2}}} = {\frac{1}{2N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}{{{{CNN}_{{att}_{m}}\left( X_{i} \right)} - a_{i}}}_{2}^{2}}}}$

where N represents the number of training images for the dataset, X_(i)is the i-th training image, a_(i) is a user identification or ratingscore for an individual attribute, and ā_(i)=CNN(X_(i)) is the estimatedindividual attribute rating or score by an individual attribute model314 for the training image X_(i). It is appreciated thatCNN(X_(i))−a_(i) represents a difference between an estimated score ofthe individual attribute regression model for a training image and auser-rated identifier or score (e.g., average score of multipleuser-ratings) from the dataset of training data corresponding to thetraining image.

In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100 trains each ofthe individual attribute loss models 314 a-c by fine-tuning a similarEuclidean loss function. In one or more embodiments, each of theEuclidean loss functions is trained individually for each attribute.Alternatively, in one or more embodiments, each of the Euclidean lossfunctions corresponding to individual attributes is trained jointly withother attribute-specific Euclidean loss functions.

As shown in FIG. 3, the attribute branch 312 further includes a combinedattribute loss model 316. In one or more embodiments, the image ratingsystem 100 trains the combined attribute loss model 316 to generate acombined score based on a determined identification or score associatedwith each of the individual attribute (e.g., outputs of the individualattribute loss models). For example, the image rating system 100fine-tunes a combined loss function that sums one or more scoresassociated with each of multiple attributes. In one or more embodiments,the image rating system 100 trains the combined attribute loss model toweight certain attributes differently than other (e.g., based onrelative importance to overall aesthetic quality) based on the datasetof user ratings for the different attributes. Additionally, in one ormore embodiments, the regression CNN weights different attributes moreheavily when generating an aesthetic quality score for a digital imagethat contains one or more corresponding attributes.

As shown in FIG. 3, the loss layer 308 further includes a combined lossmodel 318. In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100trains the combined loss model 318 to generate an aesthetic qualityscore based on estimated values from both the regression loss model 310and the combined attribute loss model 316. For example, the image ratingsystem 100 utilizes the outputs of the regression loss model 310 and thecombined attribute loss model 316 to fine-tune a combined loss functionwritten as,

${loss} = {{\omega_{reg}{loss}_{reg}} + {\omega_{att}{\sum\limits_{m = 1}^{M}\; {loss}_{{att}_{m}}}}}$

where ω_(reg) and ω_(att) control relative importance of each of therespective loss functions. In particular, ω_(reg) represents a relativeweight of the regression loss function (e.g., Euclidean loss function)and ω_(att) represents a relative weight of the combined attribute lossfunction. In one or more embodiments, the image rating system 100additional fine-tunes each of the relative weights to more accuratelyestimate an aesthetic quality score for one or more digital images.

Additionally, in one or more embodiments, features from the regressionCNN 202 shown in FIG. 2 is combined with the regression CNN 302 shown inFIG. 3. For example, in one or more embodiments, the image rating system100 trains two branches of a regression CNN similar to the regressionCNN 302 of FIG. 3 using image pairs selected using one or more selectioncriteria described herein (e.g., content-aware, user-aware,attribute-aware). Further, similar to the regression CNN 202 of FIG. 2,the predicted outputs for the image pairs and user ratings from thetraining data can be provided to a pairwise loss function trained togenerate an aesthetic quality score. In one or more embodiments, theimage rating system 100 fine-tunes a combined loss function written as,

${loss} = {{\omega_{reg}{loss}_{reg}} + {\omega_{rank}{loss}_{rank}} + {\omega_{att}{\sum\limits_{m = 1}^{M}\; {loss}_{{att}_{m}}}}}$

where ω_(reg), ω_(rank), and ω_(att) control the relative importance ofeach of the respective loss functions. Additionally, the image ratingsystem 100 can train the respective weights for each of the lossfunctions to fine-tune an aesthetic quality score for the combined lossfunction.

It is appreciated that the different loss models and associated lossfunctions can be combined to generate an aesthetic quality score for oneor more digital images run through the regression CNNs 102, 202, 302.For example, depending on information available in the dataset and/orwhether certain information can be detected or otherwise identified fora digital image, one or more embodiments of the image rating system 100uses one or more combinations of the different trained regression CNNs102, 202, 302. Alternatively, selection and use of a particularregression CNN 102, 202, 302 can depend on computing resources or otherfactors.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrates example test results based on or morecombinations of loss models utilized in connection with a trainedregression CNN. In particular, FIGS. 4A-4C illustrates the results of acomparison between a dataset of testing images having known user ratingsto aesthetic quality scores generated for the testing images by trainedregression CNN using a combination of the above described loss models.For example, FIGS. 4A-4C show results of different testing modelsincluding a mean absolute error (MAE) comparison, means squared error(MSE) comparison, and Spearman's constant (p) rank correlation statisticcomparison. It is appreciated that lower values for the MAE and MSEcomparisons indicate higher similarity between the generated aestheticquality scores and the user ratings of the testing images while a highervalue for the Spearman's comparison indicates higher similarity betweenthe generated aesthetic quality scores and the user ratings of thetesting images.

FIG. 4A illustrates a table 402 of similarity results for a conventionalbinary prediction model and regression CNNs that utilize a Euclideanprediction model (e.g., regression prediction model), a pairwiseprediction model, and a combination of a Euclidean and pairwiseprediction model. FIG. 4B illustrates a table 404 of similarity resultsfor the conventional binary prediction model, the Euclidean predictionmodel, and a combination of the Euclidean and attributes predictionmodel. As shown in FIGS. 4A-4B, each of the regression CNNs yield moreaccurate results than the binary prediction model.

FIG. 4C illustrates a table 406 of similarity results for a median guessmodel (e.g., estimating that a digital image will reflect the medianuser-ranking for a set of training images), a conventional AlexNetConvolution model, and different regression CNNs that utilize one ormore models as described above. For example, the table 406 of FIG. 4Cincludes similarity results for regression CNNs including a Euclideanprediction model, a combination of a Euclidean and pairwise predictionmodel for training images rated by different users, a combination of aEuclidean and pairwise prediction model for training images rated by oneor more common users, a combination of the Euclidean, pairwise, andattribute prediction model, a combination of the Euclidean and acontent-aware pairwise prediction model, and a combination of theEuclidean, pairwise, attribute, and content-aware prediction model. Asshown in FIG. 4C, each of the regression CNNs yield more accurateresults than the median guess and AlexNet Convolution prediction model.

As mentioned above, the generated aesthetic quality scores can beutilized in a variety of applications. For example, in one or moreembodiments, a computing system (e.g., a server device, computingdevice) categorizes, sorts, labels, retrieves, or otherwise manages acollection of digital images based on generated aesthetic quality scoresfor the collection of digital images. Additionally, categorizing,sorting, or otherwise managing the collection of digital images based onthe generated aesthetic quality score can be utilized to facilitate abetter search experience (e.g., when searching a collection of digitalimages). To illustrate, FIG. 5 shows a collection 502 of digital images504 and associated aesthetic quality scores. As shown in FIG. 5, theimages 504 are sorted in accordance with generated aesthetic qualityscores.

As mentioned above, an aesthetic quality score can include both anoverall quality score in addition to one or more specific attributequality scores. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, an overall qualityscore includes a numerical value assigned to one or more digital images.Additionally, as shown in FIG. 6, the overall quality score includes anoverall rating for a digital image in addition to individual attributeratings for the digital image. For example, FIG. 6 illustrates threesample images 602 a-c that have been analyzed using a regression CNN inaccordance with one or more embodiments described herein. As shown inFIG. 6, the regression CNN generates an overall quality score 604 a-c ona scale of 1 to 5 stars in addition to generating specific attributeratings 606 a-c for each of the digital images.

Turning now to FIG. 7, additional detail will be provided regardingcomponents and capabilities of an example architecture for an imagerating system 100 that may be implemented on a computing device 702 inaccordance with one or more embodiments. In particular, FIG. 7illustrates an embodiment of an exemplary computing device 702 includingan image rating system 100 that includes one or more features associatedwith one or more embodiments described above. For example, the imagerating system 100 can train a regression CNN 102, 202, 302 to generatean aesthetic quality score for a digital image.

As shown in FIG. 7, the image rating system 100 includes an imageanalyzer 706, a convolutional neural network training manager 708 (orsimply “CNN training manager 708”) and an aesthetic prediction manager710. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 7, the computing device 702 includesother has access to a data storage 712 including, for example, inputimage data 714 and training image data 716. As shown in FIG. 7, thetraining image data 716 includes user rating data 718 and attribute data720.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, the image rating system 100 includes an imageanalyzer 706. In particular, the image analyzer 706 operates inconnection with a regression CNN 102, 202, 302 to identify features andcharacteristics of a digital image. For example, the image analyzer 706identifies that a digital image includes particular content and/orattributes. Additionally, as part of a training process, the imageanalyzer 706 can analyze training images to identify user information,attribute information, or other data associated with a training image.For example, in one or more embodiments, the image analyzer 706 extractstraining data from a dataset of training data including informationassociated with a collection of training images.

As further illustrated in FIG. 7, the image rating system 100 includes aCNN training manager 708. In particular, the CNN training manager 708can train a loss layer of a regression CNN 102, 202, 302 to predict anaesthetic quality score based on the dataset of training data. Forexample, in one or more embodiments, the CNN training manager 708 trainsone or more loss models (e.g., regression loss models, pairwise lossmodels, attribute loss models) to predict overall aesthetic scores andattribute-specific scores for digital images. In one or moreembodiments, the CNN training manager 708 trains one or more loss modelsby fine-tuning various loss functions (or combinations of lossfunctions) to output an accurate aesthetic quality score for a digitalimage.

Additionally, in one or more embodiments, the CNN training manager 708efficiently trains the regression CNN 102, 202, 302 by intelligentlyselecting image pairs from a database of training images. For example,the CNN training manager 708 can select image pairs having predefineddifferences in user ratings and exploit the known relative differencesof the image pairs when training one or more of the loss models.Additionally, the CNN training manager 708 can intelligently selectimage pairs based on content therein, detected attributes, and/or anidentity of users that have rated the training images.

As further illustrated in FIG. 7, the image rating system 100 includesan aesthetic prediction manager 710. In particular, the aestheticprediction manager 710 generates an aesthetic quality score using thetrained regression CNN including one or more loss models describedherein. In one or more embodiments, the aesthetic prediction manager 710generates an aesthetic quality score that includes an overall qualityscore for a digital image. Additionally, in one or more embodiments, theaesthetic prediction manager 710 generates individual attribute qualityscores for each of multiple identifiable attributes within a digitalimage.

As further illustrated in FIG. 7, the computing device 702 includes orhas access to a data storage 712 including input image data 714. Theinput image data 714 can include any information associated with adigital image to be rated using a trained regression CNN 102, 202, 302.For example, in one or more embodiments, the input image data 714includes attribute information, a content type for the digital image, orinformation obtained by the image analyzer 706. Additionally, the inputimage data 714 can include detected features or characteristics of adigital image detected or otherwise identified by the computing device702.

As shown in FIG. 7, the data storage 712 further includes training imagedata 716 including any information associated with training images usedto train a regression CNN 102, 202, 302. For example, in one or moreembodiments, the training image data 716 includes user rating data 718including user-assigned ratings for any number of training images.Additionally, the training image data 716 can include attribute data 720including information associated with one or more attributes of thetraining images.

Each of the components 706-710 of the image rating system 100 andcorresponding elements may be in communication with one another usingany suitable communication technologies. It will be recognized thatalthough components 706-710 and their corresponding elements are shownto be separate in FIG. 7, any of components 706-710 and theircorresponding elements may be combined into fewer components, such asinto a single facility or module, divided into more components, orconfigured into different components as may serve a particularembodiment.

The components 706-710 and their corresponding elements can comprisesoftware, hardware, or both. For example, the components 706-710 andtheir corresponding elements can comprise one or more instructionsstored on a computer-readable storage medium and executable byprocessors of one or more computing devices. When executed by the one ormore processors, the computer-executable instructions of the imagerating system 100 can cause a client device and/or a server device toperform the methods described herein. Alternatively, the components—716and their corresponding elements can comprise hardware, such as aspecial purpose processing device to perform a certain function or groupof functions. Additionally, the components—716 and their correspondingelements can comprise a combination of computer-executable instructionsand hardware.

Furthermore, one or more of the components 706-710 of the image ratingsystem 100 may, for example, be implemented as one or more stand-aloneapplications, as one or more modules of an application, as one or moreplug-ins, as one or more library functions or functions that may becalled by other applications, and/or as a cloud-computing model. Thus,one or more of the components 706-710 of the image rating system 100 maybe implemented as a stand-alone application, such as a desktop or mobileapplication. Furthermore, one or more of the components 706-710 of theimage rating system 100 may be implemented as one or more web-basedapplications hosted on a remote server. Alternatively or additionally,one or more components 706-710 of the image rating system 100 may beimplemented in a suit of mobile device applications or “apps.” Toillustrate, one or more of the components of the image rating system 100may be implemented in a digital image editing application, including butnot limited to ADOBE® PHOTOSHOP® or ADOBE® REVEL®. “ADOBE®,” “ADOBE®PHOTOSHOP®,” and “ADOBE® REVEL®” are either registered trademarks ortrademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/orother countries.

FIGS. 1-7, the corresponding text, and the examples, provide a number ofdifferent systems and devices that allows an image rating system 100 totrain and implement a regression CNN 102, 202, 302 to generate anaesthetic quality score for digital media. In addition to the foregoing,embodiments can also be described in terms of flowcharts comprising actsand steps in a method for accomplishing a particular result. Forexample, FIGS. 8-9 illustrates flowcharts of exemplary methods inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a series of acts in a method 800 ofusing deep learning to analyze and estimate an aesthetic quality ofdigital images. In one or more embodiments, the method 800 is performedin a digital medium environment that includes an image rating system 100(e.g., image rating system 100). The method 800 is intended to beillustrative of one or more methods in accordance with the presentdisclosure, and is not intended to limit potential embodiments.Alternative embodiments can include additional, fewer, or differentsteps than those articulated in FIG. 8.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, the method 800 includes an act 810 ofreceiving a plurality of training images with user provided ratings. Inone or more embodiments, receiving the plurality of training imagesinvolves accessing a database of training images that have been rated byvarious users. For example, in one or more embodiments, receiving theplurality of training involves receiving a dataset of training dataincluding user provided ratings for a database of training images. Inone or more embodiments, the training data includes a predefined numberof user ratings for each of the training images. As an example, thetraining data can include at least five user ratings for each of theplurality of training images. Additionally, in one or more embodiments,the training data includes an identification or rating of any identifiedattributes or content type of the plurality of training images. Further,in one or more embodiments, the training data includes an identificationof one or more users that provided the user ratings.

As further illustrated in FIG. 8, the method 800 includes an act 820 ofsampling the plurality of training images to identify pairs of trainingimages with a predetermined characteristic relationship. In particular,the act 820 can include sampling, using at least one processor, theplurality of training images to identify pairs of training images with apredetermined characteristic relationship between selected image pairs.In one or more embodiments, sampling the plurality of training images toidentify pairs of training images includes selecting an image pair foreach of the training images that make up a database of training images.

Sampling the plurality of training images can involve considering one ora combination of predetermined characteristic relationships betweentraining images. For example, in one or more embodiments, sampling theplurality of training images involves identifying image pairs associatedwith user rating from a common user. As another example, in one or moreembodiments, sampling the plurality of training images involvesidentifying image pairs having a predetermined difference in userprovided ratings. In one or more embodiments, the predetermineddifference in user ratings for each of the identified image pairsdiffers based on whether an image pair is associated with user ratingsform a common user or different users. As another example, in one ormore embodiments, identifying image pairs from the plurality of trainingimages includes identifying image pairs having common types of contentbetween the image pairs. As another example, in one or more embodiments,identifying image pairs from the plurality of training images includesidentifying image pairs having images that each comprise a thresholdnumber of common attributes. In one or more embodiments, sampling theplurality of training images involves identifying image pairs based on acombination of characteristics. As an example, sampling the plurality oftraining images can involve identifying pairs of training images havinga common type of content and that have been rated by one or more commonusers.

As further illustrated in FIG. 8, the method 800 includes an act 830 oftraining a neural network to output aesthetic quality scores foridentified pairs of training images that maintain a relative differenceof the user provided ratings for the identified pairs of trainingimages. In particular, the act 830 can include training, by at least oneprocessor, a regression CNN 102, 202, 302 to output aesthetic qualityscores for identified pairs of training images that maintain a relativedifference of the user provided ratings for the identified pairs oftraining images. For example, in one or more embodiments, training theneural network involves constructing a training structure that comparesthe relative difference in user provided ratings for the selected pairsof training images from the plurality of training images.

For instance, in one or more embodiments, training the neural networkinvolves constructing a training structure including a pairwise lossmodel and a regression loss model. The pairwise loss model compares therelative difference in user provided ratings for the selected pairs oftraining images from the plurality of training images. Additionally, theregression loss model minimizes the difference between predicted userratings and the user provided ratings for the plurality of trainingimages. For example, in one or more embodiments, the regression modelmodel minimizes the difference between predicted user ratings the theuser provided ratings by minimizing a Euclidean loss between an averageuser rating of the user provided user ratings for the plurality oftraining images and predicted user ratings for the plurality of trainingimages.

As further illustrated in FIG. 8, the method 800 includes an act 840 ofutilizing the trained neural network to generate an aesthetic qualityscore for one or more input digital images. In particular, in one ormore embodiments, the act 840 involves utilizing, by the at least oneprocessor, the trained neural network to generate an aesthetic qualityscore for one or more input digital images. As described above, theaesthetic quality score can include a score ranging from high to lowrepresentative of the wide spectrum of the user provided ratings of thetraining images. In one or more embodiments, generating the aestheticquality score involves summing outputs of the regression loss model andthe pairwise loss model to predict an overall quality score on a scalebetween high quality and low quality for the digital image.

Moreover, in one or more embodiments, the method 800 includes managingone or more digital images based on associated aesthetic quality scoresfor the digital images. For example, in one or more embodiments, upongenerating the aesthetic quality score for the digital image, the method800 further categorizes, sorts, stores, organizes, retrieves, orotherwise manages the digital image in accordance with the generatedaesthetic quality score.

As mentioned above, FIG. 9 also illustrates a flowchart of a series ofacts in a method 900 of using deep learning to analyze and estimate anaesthetic quality of digital images. Similar to the method 800 of FIG.8, one or more embodiments of the method 900 is performed in a digitalmedium environment that includes an image rating system 100 (e.g., imagerating system 100). The method 900 is intended to be illustrative of oneor more methods in accordance with the present disclosure, and is notintended to limit potential embodiments. Alternative embodiments caninclude additional, fewer, or different steps than those articulated inFIG. 9.

As shown in FIG. 9, the method 900 includes an act 910 of generating aneural network. In particular, in one or more embodiments, the act 910involves generating a regression CNN 102, 202, 302. For example,generating a regression CNN 102, 202, 302 can involve generating aneural network including one or more convolutional layers 108, one ormore fully-connected layers 110, a loss layer 112, 208, 308, and anynumber of additional layers and models therein that may be trained torate image aesthetics. Thus, in one or more embodiments, generating theneural network involves generating a neural network having a trainingstructure that includes multiple layers and models that facilitategenerating an aesthetic quality score for a digital image

As further illustrated in FIG. 9, the method 900 includes an act 920 oftraining the neural network to output an attribute quality score foreach of the plurality of attributes. In particular, in one or moreembodiments, training the neural network involves training the neuralnetwork to minimize a difference between a predicted rating for a givenattribute and user provided ratings for the given attribute. Forinstance, in one or more embodiments, training the neural networkinvolves training the neural network to output an attribute qualityscore for attributes including two or more of interesting content,object emphasis, lighting, color harmony, vivid color, depth of an imagefield, motion blur, rule of thirds, balancing element, repetition, orsymmetry.

Additionally, in one or more embodiments, training the neural networkinvolves training the neural network to minimize a difference betweenpredicted user ratings and user provided ratings for the plurality oftraining images. For example, in one or more embodiments, minimizing thedifference between predicted user ratings and user provided ratings forthe plurality of training images involves minimizing a Euclidean lossbetween a predicted overall quality rating and an average rating of theuser provided ratings for each of the plurality of training images.Moreover, in one or more embodiments, training the neural networkinvolves training the neural network to select pairs of the plurality oftraining images and comparing a relative difference in user providedratings for the selected pairs of training images from the plurality oftraining images.

Moreover, in one or more embodiments, training the neural networkinvolves jointly training low level parameters of the neural network.For example, with regard to a regression CNN 102, 202, 302, training theneural network involves jointly training any number of convolutionallayers 108, full feature layers 110, and one or more additional layersof the regression CNN 102, 202, 302 and utilizing common resources ofthe jointly trained layers of the regression CNN 102, 202, 302 to trainindividual attribute models 314 a-c within the training structure of theregression CNN 102, 202, 302. Thus, in one or more embodiments, trainingthe neural network involves jointly training low level parameters of theneural network to analyze low level characteristics of the trainingimages and individually training each of multiple attribute models 314a-c.

As mentioned above, in one or more embodiments, the structure of theneural network includes various layers and models therein. For example,in one or more embodiments, the training structure of the neural networkincludes a regression loss model trained to minimize a difference (e.g.,Euclidean loss) between predicted user ratings and user provided ratingsfor the plurality of training images. Additionally, in one or moreembodiments, the structure of the neural network includes an attributemodel that minimizes a difference between a predicted rating for a givenattribute and user provided ratings for the given attribute. Further, inone or more embodiments, the structure of the neural network includes apairwise loss model that compares a relative difference in user providedratings for selected pairs of training images from the plurality oftraining images.

As further illustrated in FIG. 9, the method 900 includes an act 930 ofreceiving a digital image. For example, in one or more embodiments, theact 930 involves receiving a digital image from a client device orserver device. In one or more embodiments, the act 930 involvesaccessing a digital image from a collection of digital images. Asfurther illustrated in FIG. 9, the method 900 includes an act 940 ofgenerating an aesthetic quality score for the digital image including aplurality of attribute quality scores for the digital image. Forexample, in one or more embodiments, the aesthetic quality score caninclude an overall quality score in addition to scores for individualattributes of the digital image. In one or more embodiments, generatingthe aesthetic quality score involves generating, by at least oneprocessor, an aesthetic quality score for the digital image and anattribute quality score for each of a plurality of attributes of thedigital image using a neural network having a training structure thatjointly learns low level parameters of a plurality of training imagesand includes an attribute model for each of the plurality of attributesthat utilizes the jointly learned low level parameters and outputs anattribute quality score for a given attribute.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise or utilize a specialpurpose or general-purpose computer including computer hardware, suchas, for example, one or more processors and system memory, as discussedin greater detail below. Embodiments within the scope of the presentdisclosure also include physical and other computer-readable media forcarrying or storing computer-executable instructions and/or datastructures. In particular, one or more of the processes described hereinmay be implemented at least in part as instructions embodied in anon-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or morecomputing devices (e.g., any of the media content access devicesdescribed herein). In general, a processor (e.g., a microprocessor)receives instructions, from a non-transitory computer-readable medium,(e.g., a memory, etc.), and executes those instructions, therebyperforming one or more processes, including one or more of the processesdescribed herein.

Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessedby a general purpose or special purpose computer system.Computer-readable media that store computer-executable instructions arenon-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices).Computer-readable media that carry computer-executable instructions aretransmission media. Thus, by way of example, and not limitation,embodiments of the disclosure can comprise at least two distinctlydifferent kinds of computer-readable media: non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media (devices) and transmission media.

Non-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices) includes RAM,ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM, solid state drives (“SSDs”) (e.g., based on RAM),Flash memory, phase-change memory (“PCM”), other types of memory, otheroptical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storagedevices, or any other medium which can be used to store desired programcode means in the form of computer-executable instructions or datastructures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or specialpurpose computer.

A “network” is defined as one or more data links that enable thetransport of electronic data between computer systems and/or modulesand/or other electronic devices. When information is transferred orprovided over a network or another communications connection (eitherhardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to acomputer, the computer properly views the connection as a transmissionmedium. Transmissions media can include a network and/or data linkswhich can be used to carry desired program code means in the form ofcomputer-executable instructions or data structures and which can beaccessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. Combinationsof the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

Further, upon reaching various computer system components, program codemeans in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structurescan be transferred automatically from transmission media tonon-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices) (or viceversa). For example, computer-executable instructions or data structuresreceived over a network or data link can be buffered in RAM within anetwork interface module (e.g., a “NIC”), and then eventuallytransferred to computer system RAM and/or to less volatile computerstorage media (devices) at a computer system. Thus, it should beunderstood that non-transitory computer-readable storage media (devices)can be included in computer system components that also (or evenprimarily) utilize transmission media.

Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions anddata which, when executed at a processor, cause a general purposecomputer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing deviceto perform a certain function or group of functions. In someembodiments, computer-executable instructions are executed on ageneral-purpose computer to turn the general-purpose computer into aspecial purpose computer implementing elements of the disclosure. Thecomputer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries,intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, or evensource code. Although the subject matter has been described in languagespecific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to beunderstood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the described features or acts described above.Rather, the described features and acts are disclosed as example formsof implementing the claims.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the disclosure may bepracticed in network computing environments with many types of computersystem configurations, including, personal computers, desktop computers,laptop computers, message processors, hand-held devices, multi-processorsystems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics,network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, mobile telephones,PDAs, tablets, pagers, routers, switches, and the like. The disclosuremay also be practiced in distributed system environments where local andremote computer systems, which are linked (either by hardwired datalinks, wireless data links, or by a combination of hardwired andwireless data links) through a network, both perform tasks. In adistributed system environment, program modules may be located in bothlocal and remote memory storage devices.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can also be implemented in cloudcomputing environments. In this description, “cloud computing” isdefined as a model for enabling on-demand network access to a sharedpool of configurable computing resources. For example, cloud computingcan be employed in the marketplace to offer ubiquitous and convenienton-demand access to the shared pool of configurable computing resources.The shared pool of configurable computing resources can be rapidlyprovisioned via virtualization and released with low management effortor service provider interaction, and then scaled accordingly.

A cloud-computing model can be composed of various characteristics suchas, for example, on-demand self-service, broad network access, resourcepooling, rapid elasticity, measured service, and so forth. Acloud-computing model can also expose various service models, such as,for example, Software as a Service (“SaaS”), Platform as a Service(“PaaS”), and Infrastructure as a Service (“IaaS”). A cloud-computingmodel can also be deployed using different deployment models such asprivate cloud, community cloud, public cloud, hybrid cloud, and soforth. In this description and in the claims, a “cloud-computingenvironment” is an environment in which cloud computing is employed.

FIG. 10 illustrates, in block diagram form, an exemplary computingdevice 1000 that may be configured to perform one or more of theprocesses described above. One will appreciate that one or morecomputing devices such as the computing device 1000 may implement theimage rating system 100. As shown by FIG. 10, the computing device 1000can comprise a processor 1002, memory 1004, a storage device 1006, anI/O interface 1008, and a communication interface 1010. In certainembodiments, the computing device 1000 can include fewer or morecomponents than those shown in FIG. 10. Components of computing device1000 shown in FIG. 10 will now be described in additional detail.

In particular embodiments, processor(s) 1002 includes hardware forexecuting instructions, such as those making up a computer program. Asan example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions,processor(s) 1002 may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from aninternal register, an internal cache, memory 1004, or a storage device1006 and decode and execute them.

The computing device 1000 includes memory 1004, which is coupled to theprocessor(s) 1102. The memory 1004 may be used for storing data,metadata, and programs for execution by the processor(s). The memory1004 may include one or more of volatile and non-volatile memories, suchas Random Access Memory (“RAM”), Read Only Memory (“ROM”), a solid statedisk (“SSD”), Flash, Phase Change Memory (“PCM”), or other types of datastorage. The memory 1004 may be internal or distributed memory.

The computing device 1000 includes a storage device 1006 includesstorage for storing data or instructions. As an example and not by wayof limitation, storage device 1006 can comprise a non-transitory storagemedium described above. The storage device 1006 may include a hard diskdrive (HDD), flash memory, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or acombination these or other storage devices.

The computing device 1000 also includes one or more input or output(“I/O”) devices/interfaces 1008, which are provided to allow a user toprovide input to (such as user strokes), receive output from, andotherwise transfer data to and from the computing device 1000. These I/Odevices/interfaces 1008 may include a mouse, keypad or a keyboard, atouch screen, camera, optical scanner, network interface, modem, otherknown I/O devices or a combination of such I/O devices/interfaces 1008.The touch screen may be activated with a stylus or a finger.

The I/O devices/interfaces 1008 may include one or more devices forpresenting output to a user, including, but not limited to, a graphicsengine, a display (e.g., a display screen), one or more output drivers(e.g., display drivers), one or more audio speakers, and one or moreaudio drivers. In certain embodiments, devices/interfaces 1008 isconfigured to provide graphical data to a display for presentation to auser. The graphical data may be representative of one or more graphicaluser interfaces and/or any other graphical content as may serve aparticular implementation.

The computing device 1000 can further include a communication interface1010. The communication interface 1010 can include hardware, software,or both. The communication interface 1010 can provide one or moreinterfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-basedcommunication) between the computing device and one or more othercomputing devices 1000 or one or more networks. As an example and not byway of limitation, communication interface 1010 may include a networkinterface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with anEthernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) orwireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as aWI-FI. The computing device 1000 can further include a bus 1012. The bus1012 can comprise hardware, software, or both that couples components ofcomputing device 1000 to each other.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Various embodimentsand aspects of the invention(s) are described with reference to detailsdiscussed herein, and the accompanying drawings illustrate the variousembodiments. The description above and drawings are illustrative of theinvention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.Numerous specific details are described to provide a thoroughunderstanding of various embodiments of the present invention.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from its spirit or essential characteristics. The describedembodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrativeand not restrictive. For example, the methods described herein may beperformed with less or more steps/acts or the steps/acts may beperformed in differing orders. Additionally, the steps/acts describedherein may be repeated or performed in parallel with one another or inparallel with different instances of the same or similar steps/acts. Thescope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claimsrather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come withinthe meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embracedwithin their scope.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A computer-implemented method of estimatingaesthetic quality of digital images using deep learning, the methodcomprising: receiving a digital image; extracting a set of features fromthe digital image; and generating an attribute quality score for each ofa plurality of attributes by processing the set of features usingindividual sets of fully-connected layers of a neural network; andgenerating an overall aesthetic quality score for the digital image byprocessing the set of features using a set of fully-connected layers ofthe neural network.
 22. The method as recited in claim 21, furthercomprising generating an aesthetic quality score based on the attributequality scores and the overall aesthetic quality score.
 23. The methodas recited in claim 22, wherein generating the aesthetic quality scorecomprises a numerical value indicating the overall aesthetic qualityscore and scores for each of the plurality of attributes.
 24. The methodas recited in claim 22, further comprising: receiving a digital imagesearch query; identifying a plurality of digital images in response tothe digital image search query; and sorting the plurality of digitalimages based on associated aesthetic quality scores.
 25. The method asrecited in claim 22, further comprising categorizing or filtering aplurality of digital images based on associated aesthetic qualityscores.
 26. The method as recited in claim 22, wherein generating theaesthetic quality score comprises a numerical value indicating theoverall aesthetic quality score and an indication of whether a givenattribute is present in the digital image.
 27. The method as recited inclaim 21, wherein extracting the set of features from the digital imagecomprises extracting the set of features using a set of convolutionallayers of the neural network.
 28. The method as recited in claim 21,wherein the plurality of attributes comprise two or more of: interestingcontent, object emphasis, lighting, color harmony, vivid color, depth ofan image field, motion blur, rule of thirds, balancing element,repetition, or symmetry.
 29. The method as recited in claim 21, whereinthe neural network is trained using a pairwise loss model that maintainsa relative difference of user provided ratings for pairs of trainingimages.
 30. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storinginstructions thereon that, when executed by at least one processor,cause a computer device to: receive a digital image; generate a set offeatures for the digital image using a first set of layers of a neuralnetwork; and generate an attribute quality score for each of a pluralityof image attributes by processing the set of features using individualsecond sets of layers of the neural network.
 31. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium as recited in claim 30, furthercomprising instructions that when executed by the at least oneprocessor, cause the computing device to generate an aesthetic qualityscore for the digital image based on the attribute quality scores. 32.The non-transitory computer readable storage medium as recited in claim30, wherein the first set of layers comprises convolutional layers andthe individual second sets of layers comprise fully-connected layers.33. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium as recited inclaim 30, wherein the plurality of attributes comprise two or more of:interesting content, object emphasis, lighting, color harmony, vividcolor, depth of an image field, motion blur, rule of thirds, balancingelement, repetition, or symmetry.
 34. The non-transitory computerreadable storage medium as recited in claim 30, wherein theinstructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause thecomputing device to provide a preview of the digital image in agraphical user interface along with the plurality of attribute qualityscores.
 35. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium asrecited in claim 30, wherein the instructions, when executed by the atleast one processor, cause the computing device to: generate attributequality scores for digital images of in a collection of digital images;and categorize the digital images in the collection of digital imagesbased on the attribute quality scores.
 36. A system for analyzingdigital images to estimate aesthetic quality comprising: a neuralnetwork comprising: a plurality of individual sets of fully-connectedlayers, and an additional set of fully-connected layers; at least onecomputing device configured to cause the system to: extract a set offeatures from digital images in a collection of digital images;generate, for each digital image, an attribute quality score for each ofa plurality of attributes by processing the set of features for eachdigital image using the individual sets of fully-connected layers; andgenerate an overall aesthetic quality score for each digital image byprocessing the set of features for each digital image using theadditional set of fully-connected layers.
 37. The system as recited inclaim 36, wherein the at least one computing device is furtherconfigured to cause the system to generate an aesthetic quality scorefor each digital image based on the attribute quality scores and theoverall aesthetic quality score for each digital image.
 38. The systemas recited in claim 37, wherein the at least one computing device isfurther configured to cause the system to: receive a digital imagesearch query; identify a subset of digital images form the collection ofdigital images in response to the digital image search query; and sortthe subset of digital images based on associated aesthetic qualityscores.
 39. The system as recited in claim 38, wherein the at least onecomputing device is further configured to cause the system to providethe digital images in the subset of digital images in a graphical userinterface along with the plurality of attribute quality scores for thedigital images in the subset of digital images.
 40. The system asrecited in claim 37, wherein the at least one computing device isfurther configured to cause the system to: receive a digital imagesearch query for images with a first attribute; identify a subset ofdigital images form the collection of digital images in response to thedigital image search query that have the first attribute based oncorresponding attribute quality scores; and sort the subset of digitalimages based on associated aesthetic quality scores.